Factor H is introduced for direct Head loss calculation and sizing in dual-diameter laterals of sprinkler and trickle irrigation systems when the Hazen-Williams equation is to be applied. Application of this factor prevents trial and error and uses fewer Head-loss equations in calculating the total friction loss and designing dual-diameter laterals. The proposed factor is a function of total number of outlets on the lateral, number of outlets on the smaller-diameter section of the pipe and ratio of smaller diameter to the larger diameter pipe. By solving two practical examples, the advantage of this factor over other approaches was shown. It was also demonstrated that design of lateral sizing by the given equations is simpler, easier and more accurate than the previous methods.

Background: Head trauma may cause an increase in intracranial pressure (ICP). The use of ocular ultrasound to measure optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) is a method to determine the ICP. The use of the rigid cervical collar in Head trauma patients contribute to elevating ICP, and therefore, potentially causing further deterioration in their condition. Objectives: This study aimed to describe changes in ONSD after the placement of a c-collar and analyze these changes depending on the time in the c-collar. Methods: This prospective study measured the ONSD of minor Head trauma patients before and after the placement of a c-collar. Patients aged , 18 with blunt Head trauma and Glasgow Coma Score , 13 were included in the study. Each eye was scanned twice. This was done before c-collar placement, at 5 and 20 min after placement. The mean values of both eyes were calculated and analyzed. Results: This study investigated 50 patients. The mean baseline ONSD was obtained at 4. 71mm±, 0. 22 (4. 54-4. 77). Furthermore, T5 and T20 measurements were 5. 19±, 0. 41 (5. 07-5. 31) and 5. 26±, 0. 45 (5. 14-5. 39), respectively. The ONSD increased at T5 and T20. The changes from the baseline measurements were statistically significant (P=0. 000, P=0. 000). The difference between T5 and T20 groups was an increase in ONSD, and these differences were also statistically significant (0. 07±, 0. 19,P=0. 008). Conclusion: Our results revealed that minor Head trauma patients using a c-collar may increase ONSD by timeline the clinical effects of which have to be determined with further studies. Enlargement in ONSD should be considered when interpreting ICP.

In order to determine the effect of Valsalva maneuver and Head rotation on the internal jugular vein (IJV) diameter and cross-sectional area and overlap with the carotid artery (CA) and find the best technique for safe cannulation of the IJV and decrease the risk of CA puncture, the diameter of both the IJV and the CA and percentage of overlap between the two vessels and cross-sectional area of the IJV were measured by ultrasonography on the right side of the neck in the supine, Head down position, at three different degrees of Head rotation with and without the Valsalva maneuver in 30 subjects. The results were analyzed by two-way repeated- measures analysis of variance followed by least significant difference (LSD). Head rotation increased the overlap between the two vessels (p<0.001). Valsalva's maneuver also increased overlap between the twp vessels (p<0.02) and increased IJV diameter and cross-sectional area (p<0.001).Head rotation did not change IJV diameter and cross-sectionalarea significantly (p>0.05). Valsalva's maneuver and Head rotation did not change CA diameter significantly (p>0.05). Wetherefore advocate the neutral Head position with Valsalva's maneuver as a safe and reliable method for IJV cannulation.      

Background: Some skeletal criteria especially for bones of lower limbs are considerably different between men and women that may help in identifying the gender. We studied two lower limbs parameters, i.e. bicondylar width and vertical diameter of the femoral Head based on radiographic assessment in gender identification.Methods: Bicondylar width and vertical diameter of the femoral Head of 280 radiographs taken from people aged 30 to 75 years were measured. Additionally, gender and age subgroups were recorded and added to the measured anthropometric parameters in the checklist of the study.Results: The mean width of both left and right bicondylar bones as well as vertical diameter of both left and right femoral Heads were significantly different between men and women. Considering two parameters of bicondylar width and vertical diameter of femoral Head, the measurements could differentiate gender, with 96.7% sensitivity, 72.2% specificity, and 96.0% accuracy.Conclusion: By measuring bicondylar width and vertical diameter of the femur Head, it is possible to determine gender with a high discriminative capability.

Background: The aim of radiation therapy is to deliver a precisely measured dose of irradiation to a defended tumor volume. Simulation has been used instances to document the configuration of the portal and target volume to be irradiated accurately. Unfortunately, there is non-Conventional simulation in most of cancer centers in Iran. There fore in this study, it was tried to estimate pelvic inlet from inrerspinous diameter (distance between two Ant. Sup. Iliac spine) of the aforementioned patients in Radiotherapy – Oncology Department in Imam Hossein hospital. Materials and methods: Interspious diameter on the surface kin (X) and pelvic inlet (Y) on simulation in the 44 men and 61 women were determined, coefficient (r) in men and women rm=0.8841 rw=0.8141 and linear regression analysis the following equation was obtained. Y=0.525X-0.339 R2=0.7815 for men Y=0.326 X+5.18 R2=0.6626 for women Conclusion: It was concluded that in both men and women, it is possible to estimate pelvic Inlet diameter from Interspinous diameter. But the coefficient of determination (Rsq) is lower in women than men.

The effect of fenugreek as living mulch on Grain yield, yield components and some morphological traits of sunflower, were evaluated by factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the Research Farm of Faculty of Agriculture, Razi University during the 2016-2017 growing season. Treatments were sowing of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graceum L. ) as living mulch in four levels of control (without living mulch), 15 days before sowing, simultaneous sowing and 15 days after sowing of sunflower and three cultivars of sunflower (Farokh, Progress and Lakomka). The result showed that Head diameter, number of Head per plant, plant height, grain and biological yields of sunflower varieties were significantly affected by living mulch treatments. The highest Head diameter (20. 2 cm), number of Head per plant (2. 04), grain (3834 kg. ha-1) and biological yield (14150 kg. ha-1) were obtained by simultaneous sowing of fenugreek with sunflower. The simultaneous sowing of fenugreek with sunflower increased grain yield by 39% compared with control, while sowing fenugreek 15 days before sowing of sunflower reduced the grain yield by 2% compared to the control. Among sunflower cultivars, the highest grain yield (3426 kg. ha-1) was achieved by Lakomka cultivar. Genarally, the results showed that selection of suitable cultivar and sowing date of living mulch could improve the sunflower yield. Regarding the effect of fenugreek sowing date on sunflower traits and the different responses of cultivars studied, simultaneous sowing of fenugreek with sunflower Lakomka had the highest grain yield in experimental climatic conditions.

Background and aim: According to the frequent tooth loss at molar sites and necessity to replace them, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the short term clinical and radiographic outcomes of fresh molar sockets immediately implanted, with tapered wide platform implants.Materials and Methods: 10 patients with the mean age of 46 were treated with the immediate implantation of 12 wide diameter and wide platform implants in the molar sites.Following the atraumatic extraction of molars and preservation of the interradicular septum, implantswere placed. Immediately after the insertion of healing abutment, implant primary stability was tested with the Periotest and the crestal bone level was estimated with the periapical long-cone radiographs.Four months later patients were recalled for final evaluations, the crestal bone loss was measured and the periotest values were judged with the Wilcoxon test.Results: All 12 implants were reported with no pain, infection and continuous radiographic lucency.The average PTV1 and PTV2 reported were -4.9±0.99 and -4.6±1.37 (-2 to -7).The difference between PTVs wasn' t statistically significant (P>0.05).The average crestal bone loss was 0.54±0.96.Conclusion: Successful results were achieved with wide diameter and wide platform implants with the appropriate case selection and surgical technique.